939 Battle at Simancas - Spain defeated the Moors. Arab witnesses reported a spectacular eclipse of the sun that took place on the first day of the battle, a bad omen.
1181 Supernova was observed by Chinese and Japanese astronomers.
1284 The Republic of Pisa was defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean.
1806 Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicated, ending the Holy Roman Empire.
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