480 BC The Persian army defeated Leonidas and his Spartan army at Thermopylae, Persia.
48 BC – Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus (Greece) – Julius Caesar decisively defeated Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey fled to Egypt where he was later murdered. As a result Caesar had absolute control of Rome.
117 Hadrian became Roman Emperor upon the death of Trajan.
378 Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople – A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens was defeated by the Visigoths in present-day Turkey. Valens was killed along with over half of his army.
1173 Construction of the campanile of the cathedral of Pisa (Leaning Tower of Pisa) begun; it would take two centuries to complete.
1274 Edward I was crowned King of England.
1483 Opening of the Sistine Chapel in Rome with the celebration of a Mass.
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