Ancient Origins
In his poems of the Iliad, the Greek Philosopher Homer introduces us to the mythical city of Troy, which remained a curiosity to many until the late 1870s when Heinrich Schliemann, on a hunch, began excavating the remains of an ancient city in Turkey. Although he was an amateur archaeologist and his methods were considered somewhat outlandish, Schliemann would evidentially find Troy and confirm its place in history.
Most historians consider Plato’s description of Atlantis, written in Timaeus, was simple story-telling as told to him by Solon, an Athenian traveler, and not a true place in Earth’s historic past. And yet, on closer inspection, we learn that Solon had heard about Atlantis from Egyptian priests who described the true antiquity of Earth and civilizations that had come and gone in the distant past.
Athanasius Kircher's map of Atlantis from Mundus Subterraneus (1669) drawn with south at the top. (Public Domain)
Advanced Ancient Society
Down through the ages, Atlantis has captured the imaginations of countless authors and investigators, and today is considered a fable and described in negative or pseudo-scientific terms by conventional scientists. But dismissing Atlantis is a mistake, and the evidence of very old and highly advanced people in the Americas and other parts of the world are important to consider.
It’s difficult for us to imagine a great culture which existed over 10,000 years ago and the contributions they might have made to the world, and yet for those who live in or have visited Mexico, they know there are countless examples of very old, anomalous buildings and pyramid complexes constructed with an engineering prowess that is lost in time; the Maya are a classic example. Although we know very little of their history, their mathematics, engineering, and other sciences were highly advanced, without obviously known periods of development. It’s as if they appeared magically complete, with all their advances and characteristics of a complex society in place from day one.
Because of the tragic destruction of hundreds of Maya codices, technical manuals and records of their history, we are left to wonder at the evolution of this fascinating culture.
The Sleeping Prophet – Edgar Cayce
As the host of the popular podcast Earth Ancients, a program that investigates Earth’s ancient history, I’ve been fortunate to interview many of today’s most gifted authors, researchers, investigators, and scientists. Atlantis has been a theme covered on numerous occasions, as well as its probable influence on other cultures around the world. Invariably when the subject of Atlantis is broached, and the great psychic Edgar Cayce comes up for discussion.
Edgar Cayce in October 1910, when this photograph appeared on the front page of The New York Times. (Public Domain)
Known to many as the Sleeping Prophet, Cayce was an American trans-channel, who in the 1920s to 1940s claimed to be able to access a level of consciousness which could view the lives of an individual through their many incarnations on earth. In these readings, Cayce was said to travel to a certain lifetime and describe traumas, injuries or other conditions which were affecting the wellness of a person in the present time. Hundreds of these readings were said to have occurred during a period when the continent of Atlantis was in the Atlantic Ocean. During the readings, Cayce also described a highly advanced technology which was developed around piezoelectric science and that powered flying machines, land and submarine craft, as well as a variety of devices and weapons.
When asked about the location of Atlantis, Cayce described it as having had three distinct periods: 100,000+ years, 28,000 years, and roughly 12,000 years ago—each phase of land change resulting from terrible earthquakes and land shifts. He said one of the great cities of Atlantis, Poseidia, was positioned in the Caribbean Ocean, in what is present day Bimini Islands. In 1940, Cayce predicted that Poseidia would re-emerge again in the late 1960s, complete with its temples and other buildings.
During his lifetime, Cayce and his followers built an organization around his readings which included a hospital. Association for Research and Enlightenment (ARE) was formed to house the thousands of hours of readings, develop numerous health remedies, and to provide an institution for higher learning. Over the years, a number of people have searched for the remains of Atlantis only to fall short in their expectations.
Following the Underwater Trail
In 1998 and again in 2007, ARE funded underwater research on target areas which had been discovered using the latest satellite and airplane imagery. Following the path of the immense Bimini wall, a massive series of underwater stones which formed a road that may have been part of an ancient harbor, archaeologist William Donato, with Michael Pateman and a team of sonar scanning technicians, made a startling discovery.
On the Target 1 sonar imagery, at approximately 130 feet (40 meters) underwater, what seems to be a series of buildings were visible that are similar to those found in the Yucatan Peninsula. One series (pictured in never-before-published images below), is similar in style to the Puuc Maya pyramid complexes found on the Gulf of Mexico side of the Peninsula. When side-scanning sonar results are introduced, we can see the complete front facade of a series of buildings, including staircases, doorways, and columns.
Underwater scanned image of structures off the coast of Bimini. (Image provided by William Donato).
When I interviewed William Donato, he mentioned that at the time that he was surprised at the style of the pyramids in the color scans, as well as its similarity to Maya-style complexes. Further investigation would be ideal, but because of funding issues and the great expense of using underwater scanning equipment, follow-up dives have not taken place.
Building complex similar to Maya buildings in Yucatan Mexico. Image scanned at approximately 130 feet under the ocean off the coast of Bimini. (Image provided by William Donato).
Civilizations Destroyed
Some people might suggest that these are Maya cities and that there never was an Atlantis. The issue with this theory is that these buildings are deep under water—in some places over 300 feet (91 meters) deep—which could suggest rising water levels. Scientists now understand that following the end of the last ice age (the Pleistocene epoch), Earth encountered a traumatic event approximately 12,000 years ago, when a series of asteroids bombarded our planet and changed surface features, elevated the surface temperature, and destroyed a vast number of civilizations and animals. This event is now called the Younger Dryas period and is considered by many to be a cause for the rise of the world’s oceans. If we compare this event with Cayce’s description of the destruction of Atlantis, the two are eerily similar.
Puuc-style architecture of the Maya: ruins of the Palace of Sayil, Yucatan. (Rose Vekony/CC BY-SA 3.0)
The destruction of Atlantis and civilizations of planet Earth may have been caused by devastating land changes that caused huge areas to be submerged, massive tsunamis to cover land, and flooding to deluge large portions of the planet.
Surprising Connection to the Maya
For me, it does provide compelling evidence that the Maya may have been the descendants of a scientifically robust civilization that suddenly vanished. When I see the underwater scans of Bimini I’m reminded of the building complexes I’ve visited in Yucatan and other regions of Mexico. There’s something about the construction that appears to be lost in time, and it would explain why there is no early developmental period of the Maya that we find today. Their science, engineering, construction techniques, medicine, mathematics and so much more were inherited from a mother culture formed after thousands of years of research and development.
Side sonar scan off the coast of Bimini at 130 feet under the water. This color image reveals the staircases, doors, and the roof of a pyramid complex. (Image provided by William Donato and ARE)
Side sonar scan of a pyramid complex off the Bimini coast. Depth is over 100 feet. (Images provided by William Donato and ARE).
To this day, it’s my belief and conviction that our best link to the ancient past is within the Maya civilization, and what they encoded for us in their buildings, artwork and other artifacts. I also believe that what some see and interpret as the Maya people (savage, bloodthirsty, warring people) were the surviving generations who struggled to begin again after the great deluge and earth change. The scientists, engineers, and great planners perished, leaving the few remaining people to kick-start civilization. We may be discovering this today at many Maya cities throughout Central America, as scientists excavating standing buildings have uncovered very early settlements and construction just below the surface. It’s also interesting to note that some of the earliest pyramid complexes are the most sophisticated, revealing an engineering and construction prowess that is lost in later years.
Does this prove that Atlantis was real? You can be the judge of this possibility by listening to the podcast, “ Atlantis Unearthed ,” which aired June 17, 2017, on the Earth Ancients podcast. www.earthancients.com
Cliff Dunning is host/producer the popular podcast, Earth Ancients : Startling new discoveries from our planet's distant past. His newest book, The Black Knight Satellite will be released in fall 2017.
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Top Image: Underwater World ( Public Domain ) and ruins of the Palace of Sayil, Yucatan. (Rose Vekony/ CC BY-SA 3.0 ); Deriv
By Cliff Dunning
Showing posts with label Atlantis. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Atlantis. Show all posts
Saturday, July 8, 2017
Sunday, March 12, 2017
More Orichalcum, the Atlantis Alloy, Turns Up with Helmets at a Sicilian Shipwreck, What Was its Use?
Ancient Origins
Researchers have recovered yet more ingots, possibly of the fabled metal orichalcum, from a ship that sank off the coast of Sicily around 2,600 years ago. The find has led some to ponder whether the mythical island of Atlantis, where the legendary alloy was supposed to have been created, was real. The shipwreck, however, dates to about seven millennia later than the legend of Atlantis.
In 2015, researchers diving near the shipwreck found 39 ingots of a copper, zinc, and charcoal alloy that resembles brass. They believe it may be the ancient metal orichalcum. The new cache of the same metal consists of 47 ingots.
Some of the orichalcum ingots found near a 2,600-year-old shipwreck off the coast of Sicily. (Superintendency of the Sea, Sicily)
While the metal is rare, it is not as precious as researchers expected from reading ancient Greek philosopher Plato’s description of it in the Critias dialogue. Plato said only gold was a more precious substance than orichalcum.
Plato said only gold was a more precious substance than orichalcum. Here are two of the recently discovered ingots. (Sebastiano Tusa/ Superintendency of the Sea, Sicily)
Several ancient thinkers mention the alloy in writings - as far back as Hesiod in the 8th century BC. Until 2015, the metal had never been found in any appreciable quantities, says an article about the find on Seeker.com. Scholars have debated the origin and composition of orichalcum for a long time.
The shipwreck was found near two others about 1,000 feet (305 meters) off the coast of the Sicilian city of Gela. The wrecks were submerged in about 10 feet (3 meters) of water. Researchers think the ship went down in a storm, while close to the port.
Underwater archaeologists and some of the other artifacts found at the site. (Superintendency of the Sea, Sicily)
"The waters there are a priceless mine of archaeological finds," Adriana Fresina told Seeker.com. She works with archaeologist Sebastiano Tusa, Sicily’s superintendent of the seas.
Greek myth says Cadmus, a Phoenician and the first king of Thebes, invented orichalcum.
Cadmus, the Greek mythological figure who is said to have created orichalcum. (Public Domain)
Christos Djonis wrote an article for Ancient Origins in 2015 about the find of the 39 ingots and said of a news reports at that time:
“… unfortunately, none of the stories exposed anything new on Atlantis, or on the ‘mystical’ ore, as one reporter called it. Essentially, every editorial capitalized on repeating the same familiar story, raising the usual questions, and sadly arriving at the same past conclusions. Nothing new! As for the particular freight, most reporters connected it to Atlantis, as if Atlantis was around during the Bronze Age (thus, misleading everyone not so familiar with the story) and ignoring the fact that according to Plato, the story of Atlantis took place around 9,600 BC.
Artist’s representation of Atlantis. (Source: BigStockPhoto)
Djonis writes that the orichalcum cargo likely originated on Cyprus, another island in the Mediterranean. Every known alloy containing copper has been produced, including orichalcum, on Cyprus since the 4th millennium BC.
Plato wrote that orichalcum covered the walls, columns and floors of Poseidon’s temple. He wrote the only metal that surpassed it in value was gold. "The outermost wall was coated with brass, the second with tin, and the third, which was the wall of the citadel, flashed with the red light of orichalcum," Plato wrote. Poseidon’s laws were also inscribed onto a pillar of orichalcum, according to Plato.
The city of Gela on Sicily was rich and had many workshops that produced fine objects. Researchers believe the orichalcum pieces were en route to those workshops for use in decorations and fashion objects.
Altogether, the researchers have discovered 47 new ingots of varying sizes and shapes. (Sebastiano Tusa, Soprintendenza del Mare-Regione Sicilia)
Apart from this metal, the shipwreck also yielded two bronze Corinthian helmets.
“The presence of helmets and weapons aboard ships is rather common. They were used against pirate incursions,” Tusa told Seeker.com. “Another hypothesis is that they were meant to be an offer to the gods.”
The Corinthian helmets. (Salvo Emma, Soprintendenza del Mare-Regione Sicilia)
Tusa and his colleagues are still at work on the shipwreck and expect to recover more cargo.
Top Image: Some of the orichalcum ingots and the two Corinthian helmets found near a 2,600-year-old shipwreck off the coast of Sicily. Source: Superintendency of the Sea, Sicily
By Mark Miller
Researchers have recovered yet more ingots, possibly of the fabled metal orichalcum, from a ship that sank off the coast of Sicily around 2,600 years ago. The find has led some to ponder whether the mythical island of Atlantis, where the legendary alloy was supposed to have been created, was real. The shipwreck, however, dates to about seven millennia later than the legend of Atlantis.
In 2015, researchers diving near the shipwreck found 39 ingots of a copper, zinc, and charcoal alloy that resembles brass. They believe it may be the ancient metal orichalcum. The new cache of the same metal consists of 47 ingots.
Some of the orichalcum ingots found near a 2,600-year-old shipwreck off the coast of Sicily. (Superintendency of the Sea, Sicily)
While the metal is rare, it is not as precious as researchers expected from reading ancient Greek philosopher Plato’s description of it in the Critias dialogue. Plato said only gold was a more precious substance than orichalcum.
Plato said only gold was a more precious substance than orichalcum. Here are two of the recently discovered ingots. (Sebastiano Tusa/ Superintendency of the Sea, Sicily)
Several ancient thinkers mention the alloy in writings - as far back as Hesiod in the 8th century BC. Until 2015, the metal had never been found in any appreciable quantities, says an article about the find on Seeker.com. Scholars have debated the origin and composition of orichalcum for a long time.
The shipwreck was found near two others about 1,000 feet (305 meters) off the coast of the Sicilian city of Gela. The wrecks were submerged in about 10 feet (3 meters) of water. Researchers think the ship went down in a storm, while close to the port.
Underwater archaeologists and some of the other artifacts found at the site. (Superintendency of the Sea, Sicily)
"The waters there are a priceless mine of archaeological finds," Adriana Fresina told Seeker.com. She works with archaeologist Sebastiano Tusa, Sicily’s superintendent of the seas.
Greek myth says Cadmus, a Phoenician and the first king of Thebes, invented orichalcum.
Cadmus, the Greek mythological figure who is said to have created orichalcum. (Public Domain)
Christos Djonis wrote an article for Ancient Origins in 2015 about the find of the 39 ingots and said of a news reports at that time:
“… unfortunately, none of the stories exposed anything new on Atlantis, or on the ‘mystical’ ore, as one reporter called it. Essentially, every editorial capitalized on repeating the same familiar story, raising the usual questions, and sadly arriving at the same past conclusions. Nothing new! As for the particular freight, most reporters connected it to Atlantis, as if Atlantis was around during the Bronze Age (thus, misleading everyone not so familiar with the story) and ignoring the fact that according to Plato, the story of Atlantis took place around 9,600 BC.
Artist’s representation of Atlantis. (Source: BigStockPhoto)
Djonis writes that the orichalcum cargo likely originated on Cyprus, another island in the Mediterranean. Every known alloy containing copper has been produced, including orichalcum, on Cyprus since the 4th millennium BC.
Plato wrote that orichalcum covered the walls, columns and floors of Poseidon’s temple. He wrote the only metal that surpassed it in value was gold. "The outermost wall was coated with brass, the second with tin, and the third, which was the wall of the citadel, flashed with the red light of orichalcum," Plato wrote. Poseidon’s laws were also inscribed onto a pillar of orichalcum, according to Plato.
The city of Gela on Sicily was rich and had many workshops that produced fine objects. Researchers believe the orichalcum pieces were en route to those workshops for use in decorations and fashion objects.
Altogether, the researchers have discovered 47 new ingots of varying sizes and shapes. (Sebastiano Tusa, Soprintendenza del Mare-Regione Sicilia)
Apart from this metal, the shipwreck also yielded two bronze Corinthian helmets.
“The presence of helmets and weapons aboard ships is rather common. They were used against pirate incursions,” Tusa told Seeker.com. “Another hypothesis is that they were meant to be an offer to the gods.”
The Corinthian helmets. (Salvo Emma, Soprintendenza del Mare-Regione Sicilia)
Tusa and his colleagues are still at work on the shipwreck and expect to recover more cargo.
Top Image: Some of the orichalcum ingots and the two Corinthian helmets found near a 2,600-year-old shipwreck off the coast of Sicily. Source: Superintendency of the Sea, Sicily
By Mark Miller
Wednesday, September 2, 2015
Atlantis of Britain: Prehistoric Territory of Doggerland Prepares to Unveil its Secrets
Ancient Origins
, sometimes called the Stone Age Atlantis of Britain or a prehistoric Garden of Eden, is an area archaeologists have been waiting to rediscover. Finally, modern technology has reached a level in which their dreams may become a reality. Doggerland is thought to have been first inhabited around 10,000 BC, and innovative technology is expected to aid a new study in glimpsing into what life was like for the prehistoric humans living in the region before the catastrophic floods covered the territory sometime between 8000 - 6000 BC.
Located in the North Sea, Doggerland is believed to have once measured approximately 100,000 square miles (258998 square kilometers). However, the end of the Ice Age saw a great rise in the sea level and an increase in storms and flooding in the region, causing Doggerland to gradually shrink.
By using seabed mapping the team of archaeologists, computer scientists, and molecular biologists from the University of Bradford have begun tracking the changes in the ancient environment of Doggerland. They judge that the climate change diminished the territory of Doggerland so much that it turned from a vast territory to an island, and then was eventually consumed by the surrounding waters around 5500 BC.
Specifically, a tsunami of 5 meter (16 feet) waves, set off by an immense landslide near Norway, is the culprit in the catastrophe that ended human inhabitants in Doggerland, according to the study presented by Imperial College in 2014.
Professor Robin Allaby, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, and one of the researchers on the project said in a statement that: "The constant environment of the sea floor preserves ancient DNA exceptionally well allowing us to reconstruct palaeoenvironments many thousands of years older than is possible on land at the same latitude.”
The techniques to be used in the study are groundbreaking according to Dr David Smith of the University of Birmingham. As he told The Telegraph: “This is the first time that this type of reconstruction has been attempted at this detail and scale in any marine environment. The opportunity to provide complementary analysis of established and new technologies, including DNA, at such a scale is also likely to provide a step change in our understanding of past environments and our approach to landscape reconstruction.
Featured Image: The Mesolithic people of Doggerland (Alexander Maleev)
By Alicia McDermott
, sometimes called the Stone Age Atlantis of Britain or a prehistoric Garden of Eden, is an area archaeologists have been waiting to rediscover. Finally, modern technology has reached a level in which their dreams may become a reality. Doggerland is thought to have been first inhabited around 10,000 BC, and innovative technology is expected to aid a new study in glimpsing into what life was like for the prehistoric humans living in the region before the catastrophic floods covered the territory sometime between 8000 - 6000 BC.
Located in the North Sea, Doggerland is believed to have once measured approximately 100,000 square miles (258998 square kilometers). However, the end of the Ice Age saw a great rise in the sea level and an increase in storms and flooding in the region, causing Doggerland to gradually shrink.
Location of Doggerland (in bright green) (University of Bradford)
The location is known for providing prehistoric animal bones and, to a lesser extent, human remains and artifacts.By using seabed mapping the team of archaeologists, computer scientists, and molecular biologists from the University of Bradford have begun tracking the changes in the ancient environment of Doggerland. They judge that the climate change diminished the territory of Doggerland so much that it turned from a vast territory to an island, and then was eventually consumed by the surrounding waters around 5500 BC.
Specifically, a tsunami of 5 meter (16 feet) waves, set off by an immense landslide near Norway, is the culprit in the catastrophe that ended human inhabitants in Doggerland, according to the study presented by Imperial College in 2014.
- North Sea islands with prehistoric inhabitants were wiped out by tsunami
- Atlantis
- The ancient city of Lacedaemon – is it the legendary Atlantis?
Professor Robin Allaby, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, and one of the researchers on the project said in a statement that: "The constant environment of the sea floor preserves ancient DNA exceptionally well allowing us to reconstruct palaeoenvironments many thousands of years older than is possible on land at the same latitude.”
The techniques to be used in the study are groundbreaking according to Dr David Smith of the University of Birmingham. As he told The Telegraph: “This is the first time that this type of reconstruction has been attempted at this detail and scale in any marine environment. The opportunity to provide complementary analysis of established and new technologies, including DNA, at such a scale is also likely to provide a step change in our understanding of past environments and our approach to landscape reconstruction.
“Mapping Doggerland” part of the North Sea Palaeolandscapes Project, published in 2008 (University of Birmingham)
The lead researcher, Professor Vince Gaffney of the University of Bradford, has high hopes that the five year study will provide a big payoff in terms of understanding the recolonizing of Northern Europe by Stone Age humans. Professor Gaffney told The Independent:Because these areas of continental shelf became sea, they have been inaccessible to archaeologists until now. However, this project will access new data at a scale never previously attempted. Novel mapping, DNA extraction and computer modeling representing people, animals and even individual plants will generate a 4 dimensional model of how Doggerland was colonized and eventually lost to the sea. A dramatic, and previously lost, period of human prehistory will begin to emerge from the seismic traces, fragments of DNA and snippets of computer code that will form the primary data of this innovative archaeological project.The study of Doggerland has received a €2.5 million ($2.8 million) Advanced Research Grant from the European Research Council, with hopes that the results of the study provide better insight into the life of prehistoric inhabitants who are thought to have resided in the area for about 6000 years.
Featured Image: The Mesolithic people of Doggerland (Alexander Maleev)
By Alicia McDermott
Thursday, January 8, 2015
Atlantis' Legendary Metal Found in Shipwreck
By Rossella Lorenzi
Live Science
Gleaming cast metal called orichalcum, which was said by Ancient Greeks to be found in Atlantis, has been recovered from a ship that sunk 2,600 years ago off the coast of Sicily.
The lumps of metal were arriving to Gela in southern Sicily, possibly coming from Greece or Asia Minor. The ship that was carrying them was likely caught in a storm and sunk just when it was about to enter the port.
Live Science
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Credit: Superintendent of the Sea Office, Sicily |
Gleaming cast metal called orichalcum, which was said by Ancient Greeks to be found in Atlantis, has been recovered from a ship that sunk 2,600 years ago off the coast of Sicily.
The lumps of metal were arriving to Gela in southern Sicily, possibly coming from Greece or Asia Minor. The ship that was carrying them was likely caught in a storm and sunk just when it was about to enter the port.
"The wreck dates to the first half of the sixth century," Sebastiano Tusa, Sicily's superintendent of the Sea Office, told Discovery News. "It was found about 1,000 feet from Gela's coast at a depth of 10 feet."
He noted that the 39 ingots found on the sandy sea floor represent a unique finding. "Nothing similar has ever been found," Tusa said. "We knew orichalcum from ancient texts and a few ornamental objects."
Indeed orichalcum has long been considered a mysterious metal, its composition and origin widely debated.
According to the ancient Greeks, it was invented by Cadmus, a Greek-Phoenician mythological character. The fourth century B.C. Greek philosopher Plato made orichalcum a legendary metal when he mentioned it in the Critias dialogue.
Describing Atlantis as flashing "with the red light of orichalcum," he wrote that the metal, second only in value to gold, was mined in the mythical island and was used to cover Poseidon's temple interior walls, columns and floors.
Today most scholars agree orichalcum is a brass-like alloy, which was made in antiquity by cementation. This process was achieved with the reaction of zinc ore, charcoal and copper metal in a crucible.
Analyzed with X-ray fluorescence by Dario Panetta, of TQ - Tecnologies for Quality, the 39 ingots turned to be an alloy made with 75-80 percent copper, 15-20 percent zinc and small percentages of nickel, lead and iron.
"The finding confirms that about a century after its foundation in 689 B.C., Gela grew to become a wealthy city with artisan workshops specialized in the production of prized artifacts," Tusa said.
The 39 ingots recovered from the wreck were indeed destined to these workshops and were used in high quality decorations.
According to Enrico Mattievich, a retired professor of physics who taught at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), the ingots are not properly made from orichalcum.
"It appears they are lumps of latone metal, an alloy of copper, zinc and lead," he told Discovery News.
Mattievich, who has led a number of studies in physics applied to mineralogy, paleontology and archaeology, is one of the scholars who disagree on the brass-like nature of orichalcum.
While other scholars equated the mysterious metal to amber and to other copper based alloys, Mattievich believes orichalcum has its roots in the Peruvian Andes and in the Chavín civilization that developed there from 1200 B.C. to 200 B.C.
According to the scholar, who claimed in his book "Journey to the Mythological Inferno" that the ancient Greeks had discovered America, a metallic alloy "with fire-Iike reflections" similar to Plato's description was found in a set of metallic jaguars of Chavin style, which turned to be made of 9 percent copper, 76 percent gold and 15 percent silver.
Whatever the origins and nature of orichalcum, Tusa's team plans to excavate the shipwreck and bring to light the entire cargo.
"It will provide us with precious information on Sicily's most ancient economic history," Tusa said.
Originally published on Discovery News.
Indeed orichalcum has long been considered a mysterious metal, its composition and origin widely debated.
According to the ancient Greeks, it was invented by Cadmus, a Greek-Phoenician mythological character. The fourth century B.C. Greek philosopher Plato made orichalcum a legendary metal when he mentioned it in the Critias dialogue.
Describing Atlantis as flashing "with the red light of orichalcum," he wrote that the metal, second only in value to gold, was mined in the mythical island and was used to cover Poseidon's temple interior walls, columns and floors.
Today most scholars agree orichalcum is a brass-like alloy, which was made in antiquity by cementation. This process was achieved with the reaction of zinc ore, charcoal and copper metal in a crucible.
Analyzed with X-ray fluorescence by Dario Panetta, of TQ - Tecnologies for Quality, the 39 ingots turned to be an alloy made with 75-80 percent copper, 15-20 percent zinc and small percentages of nickel, lead and iron.
"The finding confirms that about a century after its foundation in 689 B.C., Gela grew to become a wealthy city with artisan workshops specialized in the production of prized artifacts," Tusa said.
The 39 ingots recovered from the wreck were indeed destined to these workshops and were used in high quality decorations.
According to Enrico Mattievich, a retired professor of physics who taught at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), the ingots are not properly made from orichalcum.
"It appears they are lumps of latone metal, an alloy of copper, zinc and lead," he told Discovery News.
Mattievich, who has led a number of studies in physics applied to mineralogy, paleontology and archaeology, is one of the scholars who disagree on the brass-like nature of orichalcum.
While other scholars equated the mysterious metal to amber and to other copper based alloys, Mattievich believes orichalcum has its roots in the Peruvian Andes and in the Chavín civilization that developed there from 1200 B.C. to 200 B.C.
According to the scholar, who claimed in his book "Journey to the Mythological Inferno" that the ancient Greeks had discovered America, a metallic alloy "with fire-Iike reflections" similar to Plato's description was found in a set of metallic jaguars of Chavin style, which turned to be made of 9 percent copper, 76 percent gold and 15 percent silver.
Whatever the origins and nature of orichalcum, Tusa's team plans to excavate the shipwreck and bring to light the entire cargo.
"It will provide us with precious information on Sicily's most ancient economic history," Tusa said.
Originally published on Discovery News.
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