356 BC The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the
World, was destroyed by arson.
365
A tsunami devastated the city of Alexandria, Egypt. The tsunami was caused by
an earthquake estimated to be 8.0 on the Richter Scale. 5,000 people perished
in Alexandria, and 45,000 more died outside the city.
1403 Battle of
Shrewsbury: King Henry IV of England defeated rebels to the north of the county
town of Shropshire, England.
254 Pope Stephen I succeeded Pope Lucius I as the 23rd
pope.He was beheaded while celebrating
Mass during Emperor Valerian's persecution of Christians.
1191 Richard I of
England married Berengaria of Navarre.
1215 English barons served an ultimatum
on King John.
1264 The Battle of Lewes, between King Henry III of England and
the rebel Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, began.
1588 King Henry III
fled Paris after Henry of Guise triumphantly entered the city.
1641 Thomas
Wentworth, chief advisor to Charles I, was beheaded in the Tower of London.
43 BC Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieged Julius Caesar's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus in Mutina and defeated the forces of the consul Pansa, who was wounded.
69 Vitellius, commander of the Rhine armies, defeated Emperor Otho in the
Battle of Bedriacum and seized the throne.
70 Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of
Emperor Vespasian, surrounded the Jewish capital, with four Roman legions.
73
after two years of defending the fortress of Masada, the Jews committed mass
suicide rather than surrender to the Roman Tenth Legion.
979Challenge to throne of King Aethelred II of England.
1028 Henry III, son of Conrad, was elected king of the Germans.
1205 Battle of
Adrianople between Bulgarians and Crusaders.
1434 The foundation stone of
Cathedral St. Peter and St. Paul in Nantes, France was laid.
1471 In England,
the Yorkists under Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians under the Earl of
Warwick (the Kingmaker) at the Battle of Barnet; the Earl was killed and Edward
IV resumed the throne.
1173 Thomas Becket was
canonized. The Archbishop of Canterbury, one-time friend and opponent to King
Henry II of England, had been murdered less than three years earlier, and the
swift canonization by Pope Alexander III was a clear message of rebuke to the
king.
1431 Public trial of Joan of Arc began.
1437 King James I of Scotland was
murdered in the Dominican Friary at Perth, which sparked a civil war.
1301 Edward, eldest son of Edward I was made the first
English Prince of Wales, a tradition continued to this day.
1477 Saint Thomas
More was born. More was martyred for refusing to accept King Henry VIII as head
of the Church of England.
1497 the bonfire of the vanities occurred in which
supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burned thousands of objects like cosmetics,
art, and books in Florence, Italy.
1550 Julius III became pope. He maintained
excellent diplomatic relations with England's Queen Mary Tudor during her
turbulent reign, and expanded the Vatican Library, supported universities, and
was keenly interested in the arts.
Richard III, who was killed at Bosworth in 1485. The dispute between Leicester and York means his new burial site may not be decided by next August. Photograph: Leicester cathedral/EPA
Richard III's remains may be in search of a home for a while longer after a high court case was adjourned amid anger and disappointment in London. Leicester city council's claim that it has a key role in deciding where the last Plantagenet king of England should be interred or buried could mean that the hopes of Leicester University and the city's cathedral for placing his skeleton in a new tomb by next August will be dashed.
The council was an interested party in the proceedings, and on Tuesday lawyers for the local authority said it was prepared to launch its own consultation.
Lawyers for the Plantagenet Alliance, members of which claim to be descendants of the king, successfully argued that the authority should be a third defendant in the case they are conducting against the Ministry of Justice and the city's university over the way they have handled the legal process that facilitated the dig for Richard's body and then the decision on its reburial.
No new hearing will be possible before the new year. The alliance argues that the ministry, which granted an exhumation licence, and Leicester University, did not consult widely on the issue of where the king should be laid to rest; York and other places could be options, they say.
The failure to take into account relatives' wishes or the king's "own preferences" had breached their human rights, the alliance claimed.
The university and cathedral authorities said after the judicial review hearing had broken up that they were disappointed at the delays.
The authorities, which said they had followed due legal process, would not be drawn on whether they would still consider leaving the decision on Richard's remains to an independent panel of experts .
The university may yet face a decision on whether it will have to apply for an extension of the exhumation licence. Any consideration of changes to the cathedral to accommodate the body of the king are already on hold because of the case.
Matthew Howarth, of the Yorkshire law firm Gordons, which is representing the alliance, said the council's actions meant there would inevitably be delays. "We are not going to finish by August next year."
