9 Arminius' alliance of six Germanic tribes ambushed and annihilated three Roman legions of Publius Quinctilius Varus in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
214 Aurelian, Roman Emperior was born.
384 Flavius Honorius, Emperor of the East Roman Republic was born.
999 or 1000 Battle of Svolder was a naval battle fought in the western Baltic Sea between King Olaf Tryggvason of Norway and an alliance of his enemies; the background for this battle was the unification of Norway into a single state, long-standing Danish effort to gain control of the country, and the spread of Christianity in Scandinavia. With the allied victory, Norway was partitioned and the spread of Christianity was set back.
1087 William the Conqueror died in Rouen at age 59 after an accident while riding his horse.
1513 James IV of Scotland was defeated and died in the Battle of Flodden Field, ending Scotland's involvement in the War of the League of Cambrai.
1543 Mary Stuart, at nine-months-old, was crowned Queen of Scots in the central Scottish town of Stirling.
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